UNAM

An Outline of Endodontics

PROFESSOR DR. RICARDO RIVAS MUÑOZ

RETURN TO SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION RELATED TO THE TOPIC ROOT CANAL ANATOMY

Endodontic Study Guide

Abstract

The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics has developed a literature-based study guide of topical areas related to endodontics. This study guide is intended to give the reader a focused review of the essential endodontic literature and does not cite all possible articles related to each topic. Although citing all articles would be comprehensive, it would defeat the idea of a study guide. This section will cover procedural accidents, including perforation repairs, separated instrument, and accidents with irrigants and endodontic materials.

Classification Systems

1. W. Hess, Formation of root canals in human teeth, J Am Dent Assoc 8 (1921), pp. 704–734.
2. F.S. Weine, H.J. Healey, H. Gerstein and L. Evanson, Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and its endodontic significance, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 28 (1969), pp. 419–425. Abstract | Article | PDF (2425 K)
3. S.W. Schneider, A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 32 (1971), pp. 271–275. Abstract | Article | PDF (1674 K)
4. F. Pineda and Y. Kuttler, Mesiodistal and buccolingual roentgenographic investigation of 7,275 root canals, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 33 (1972), pp. 101–110. Abstract | Article | PDF (4643 K)
5. F.J. Vertucci, Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 58 (1984), pp. 589–599. Abstract | PDF (5714 K)
6. F.J. Vertucci, Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures, Endod Topics 10 (2005), pp. 3–29. Abstract

Furcation Canals

1. J.V. Lowman, R.S. Burke and G.B. Pelleu, Patent accessory canals: incidence in molar furcation region, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 36 (1973), pp. 580–584. Abstract | Article | PDF (898 K)
2. J.G. Burch and S. Hulen, A study of the presence of accessory foramina and the topography of molar furcations, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 38 (1974), pp. 451–455. Abstract | Article | PDF (1397 K)
3. J.L. Gutmann, Prevalence, location and patency of accessory canals in the furcation region of permanent molars, J Periodontol 49 (1978), pp. 21–26.
4. F.J. Vertucci and R.L. Anthony, A scanning electron microscopic investigation of accessory foramina in the furcation and pulp chamber floor of molar teeth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 62 (1986), pp. 319–326. Abstract | Article | PDF (5746 K)

Apical Anatomy

1. Y. Kuttler, Microscopic investigation of root apexes, J Am Dent Assoc 50 (1955), pp. 544–552.
2. D. Green, A stereo-binocular microscopic study of the root apices and surrounding areas of 100 mandibular molars, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 8 (1955), pp. 1298–1304. Abstract | Article | PDF (539 K)
3. D. Green, A stereomicroscopic study of the root apices of 400 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 9 (1956), pp. 1224–1232. Abstract | Article | PDF (2572 K)
4. E.N. Green, Microscopic investigation of root canal diameters, J Am Dent Assoc 57 (1958), pp. 636–644.
5. D. Green, Stereomicroscopic study of 700 root apices of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 13 (1960), pp. 728–733. Abstract | Article | PDF (1920 K)
6. J.G. Burch and S. Hulen, The relationship of the apical foramen to the anatomic apex of the tooth root, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 34 (1972), pp. 262–268. Abstract | Article | PDF (458 K) |
7. P.M. Dummer, J.J. McGinn and D.G. Rees, The position and topography of the apical constriction and apical foramen, Int Endod J 17 (1984), pp. 192–198. Full Text via CrossRef
8. T.J. Stein and J.F. Corcoran, Anatomy of the root apex and its histological changes with age, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 69 (1990), pp. 238–242. Abstract | Article | PDF (962 K)
9. B.B. Marroquin, M.A.A. El-Sayed and B. Willershausen-Zonnchen, Morphology of the physiological foramen: I: Maxillary and mandibular molars, J Endod 30 (2004), pp. 321–328. Article | PDF (602 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
10. D. Baugh and J. Wallace, The role of apical instrumentation in root canal treatment: a review of the literature, J Endod 31 (2005), pp. 333–340. Article | PDF (112 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
11. I.Y. Jung, M.A. Seo and A.F. Fouad et al., Apical anatomy in mesial and mesiobuccal roots of permanent first molars, J Endod 31 (2005), pp. 364–368. Article | PDF (1121 K) | Full Text via CrossRef

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Dental Anomalies

1. F.A.C. Oehlers, Dens invaginatus (Dilated composite odontome): I. Variations of the invagination process and associated anterior crown forms, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 10 (1957), pp. 1204–1218. Abstract | Article | PDF (11696 K)
2. F.A.C. Oehlers, Dens invaginatus (dilated composite odontome): II. Associated posterior crown forms and pathogenesis, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 10 (1957), pp. 1302–1316. Abstract | PDF (3818 K)
3. A. De Smit, H.W.B. Jansen and L. Dermaut, An histological investigation of invaginated human incisors, J Biol Buccale 12 (1984), pp. 201–209.
4. I. Rotstein, A. Stabholz, I. Heling and S. Friedman, Clinical considerations in the treatment of dens invaginatus, Endod Dent Traumatol 3 (1987), pp. 249–254. Full Text via CrossRef
5. S.A. Schwartz and W.G. Schindler, Management of a maxillary canine with dens invaginatus and a vital pulp, J Endod 22 (1996), pp. 493–496. Abstract | PDF (3993 K)
6. K. Ridell, I. Mejare and L. Matssow, Dens invaginatus: a retrospective study of prophylactic invagination treatment, Int J Paediatr Dent 11 (2001), pp. 92–107.
7. A. Silberman, N. Cohenca and J.H. Simon, Anatomical redesign for the treatment of dens invaginatus type III with open apexes: A literature review and case presentation, J Am Dent Assoc 137 (2006), pp. 180–185.

Dens evaginatus

1. F.A.C. Oehlers, K.W. Lee and E.C. Lee, Dens evaginatus (evaginated odontome)—Its structure and responses to external stimuli, Dent Pract 17 (1967), pp. 239–244.
2. W. Yip, The prevalence of dens evaginatus, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 38 (1974), pp. 80–87. Abstract | Article | PDF (2750 K)
3. E.S. Senia and J.A. Regezi, Dens evaginatus in the etiology of bilateral periapical pathologic involvement in caries-free premolars, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 38 (1974), pp. 465–468. Abstract | Article | PDF (1613 K)
4. M.E. Levitan and V.T. Himel, Dens evaginatus: literature review, pathophysiology, and comprehensive treatment regimen, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 1–9. Article | PDF (504 K)

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C-Shaped Canals

1. H.G. Cooke and F.L. Cox, C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars, J Am Dent Assoc 99 (1979), pp. 836–839.
2. C.W. Newton and S. McDonald, A C-shaped canal configuration in a maxillary first molar, J Endod 10 (1984), pp. 397–399. Abstract | PDF (679 K)
3. W.L. Bolger and W.G. Schindler, A mandibular first molar with a C-shaped root configuration, J Endod 14 (1988), pp. 515–519. Abstract | PDF (2895 K)
4. S.A. Manning, Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars: Part II C-shaped canals, Int Endod J 23 (1990), pp. 40–45. Full Text via CrossRef
5. D.C. Melton, K.V. Krell and M.W. Fuller, Anatomical and histological features of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars, J Endod 17 (1991), pp. 384–388. Abstract | PDF (1153 K)
6. F.S. Weine, The C-shaped mandibular second molar: Incidence and other considerations, J Endod 24 (1998), pp. 372–375. Abstract | PDF (885 K)
7. W.L. Chai and Y.L. Thong, Cross-sectional morphology and minimum canal wall widths in c-shaped roots of mandibular molars, J Endod 30 (2004), pp. 509–512. Article | PDF (444 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
8. B. Fan, G.S.P. Cheung, M. Fan, J.L. Gutmann and Z. Bian, C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part I—anatomical features, J Endod 30 (2004), pp. 899–903. Article | PDF (678 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
9. B. Fan, G.S.P. Cheung, M. Fan, J.L. Gutmann and W. Fan, C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part II—radiographic features, J Endod 30 (2004), pp. 904–908. Article | PDF (988 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
10. G. Jin, S. Lee and B. Roh, Anatomical study of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars by analysis of computed tomography, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 10–13. Article | PDF (129 K)
11. Y. Min, B. Fan, G.S.P. Cheung, J.L. Gutmann and M. Fan, C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part III: the morphology of the pulp chamber floor, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 1155–1159. Article | PDF (319 K)
12. Y. Gao, B. Fan, G.S.P. Cheung, J.L. Gutmann and M. Fan, C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars Part IV: 3-D morphological analysis and transverse measurement, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 1062–1065. Article | PDF (1381 K)

Other anomalies

1. K.W. Lee, E.C. Lee and K.Y. Poon, Palato-gingival grooves in maxillary incisors: a possible predisposing factor to localized periodontal disease, Br Dent J 124 (1968), pp. 14–18.
2. J.K. Mellor and L.W. Ripa, Talon cusp: a clinically significant anomaly, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 29 (1970), pp. 225–228. Abstract | Article | PDF (1037 K)
3. J.H.S. Simon, D.H. Glick and A.L. Frank, Predictable endodontic and periodontic failures as a result of radicular anomalies, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 31 (1971), pp. 823–826. Abstract | Article | PDF (1836 K)
4. I.A. Mjor, The structure of taurodont teeth, J Dent Child 39 (1972), pp. 459–463.
5. J. Shiloah and R.A. Kopczyk, Developmental variations of tooth morphology and periodontal disease, J Am Dent Assoc 99 (1979), pp. 627–630.
6. S.L. Kogan, The prevalence, location and confirmation of palato-radicular grooves in maxillary incisors, J Periodont 57 (1986), pp. 231–234.
7. V.S. Lara, A. Consolaro and R.S. Bruce, Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the palato-gingival groove, J Endod 26 (2000), pp. 345–350. Article | PDF (1719 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
8. A. Tamse, A. Katz and R. Pilo, Furcation groove of buccal root of maxillary first premolars—a morphometric study, J Endod 26 (2000), pp. 359–363. Article | PDF (1287 K) | Full Text via CrossRef
9. S.A. Schwartz, M.A. Koch, D.E. Deas and C.A. Powell, Combined endodontic-periodontic treatment of a palatal groove: a case report, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 573–578. Article | PDF (3915 K)

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Demographic/Geographic Analyses

1. J.A. Souze-Freitas, S.E. Lopes and L. Casati-Alvares, Anatomic variations of lower permanent molar roots in two ethnic groups, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 31 (1971), pp. 274–278.
2. M. Trope, L. Elfenbein and L. Tronstad, Mandibular premolars with more than one root canal in different race groups, J Endod 12 (1986), pp. 343–345. Abstract | PDF (559 K)
3. R.T. Walker, Root canal anatomy of mandibular first premolars in a southern Chinese population, Endod Dent Traumatol 4 (1988), pp. 226–228. Full Text via CrossRef
4. S.C. Yew and K. Chan, A retrospective study of endodontically treated mandibular first molars in a Chinese population, J Endod 19 (1993), pp. 471–473. Abstract | PDF (1218 K)
5. C.L. Sabala, F.W. Benenati and B.R. Neas, Bilateral root or root canal aberrations in a dental school patient population, J Endod 20 (1994), pp. 38–42. Abstract | PDF (2290 K)
6. S. Sert, V. Aslanalp and J. Tanalp, Investigation of the root canal configurations of mandibular permanent teeth in the Turkish population, Int Endod J 37 (2004), pp. 494–499. Full Text via CrossRef
7. T.-Y. Lu, S.-F. Yang and S.-F. Pai, Complicated root canal morphology of mandibular first premolar in a Chinese population using the cross section method, J Endod 32 (2006), pp. 932–936. Article | PDF (3712 K)

Root Canal Anatomy: An Online Study Guide. Endodontic Study Guide. Journal of Endodontics.May 2008;34(5), Suppl 1:7-16 Available in http://www.sciencedirect.com.pbidi.unam.mx:8080/science/journal/00992399

Investigated by Dr. Ricardo Rivas Muñoz, Professor, FES Iztacala, UNAM

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©2008 Diseño: RRM