Part I The Core Science of Endodontics
1 Diagnosis
- ART AND SCIENCE OF DIAGNOSIS
- Chief Complaint
- Medical History
- Dental History
- EXAMINATION AND TESTING
- Extraoral Examination
- Intraoral Examination
- Pulp Tests
- Special Tests
- Radiographic Examination and Interpretation
- Root Fractures and Cracks
- Referred Pain
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PULPAL AND PERIAPICAL DISEASES
- Pulpal Disease
- Periapical Disease
- SUMMARY
2 Diagnosis and Management of Orofacial Dental Pain Emergencies
- ENDODONTIC PAIN DIAGNOSIS
- Systematic Diagnosis of Pain
- Records
- Medical History
- Interview and Initial Work-up
- Dental History
- Pain History
- MANAGEMENT OF THE DENTAL EMERGENCY PATIENT
- TREATMENT
- Vital Teeth
- Pharmacologic Treatment of Pulpal and Periapical Pain
- ENDODONTIC LIMITATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER
- ENDODONTIC LIMITATIONS FOR THE ENDODONTIC SPECIALIST
3 The Nonodontogenic Toothache
- SOMATIC STRUCTURES
- NEURAL STRUCTURES
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Review of Neurophysiology
- HETEROTOPIC PAIN
- CLINICAL ENTITIES THAT CAN PRESENT AS TOOTHACHE
- Sources of Odontogenic Toothache
- Sources of Nonodontogenic Toothache
- TAKING A PAIN HISTORY
- PATIENT EXAMINATION
- Additional Tests
- Case Studies
- SUMMARY
4 Case Selection and Treatment Planning
- COMMON MEDICAL FINDINGS THAT MAY INFLUENCE ENDODONTIC TREATMENT PLANNING
- Pregnancy
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Cancer
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- End-Stage Renal Disease
- Dialysis
- Diabetes
- Prosthetic Implants
- Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
- Psychosocial Evaluation
- Recent Medical Research: Dental Implications
- DENTAL EVALUATION
- Case Selection: Endodontics or a Dental Implant
- Periodontal Considerations
- Surgical Considerations
- Restorative Considerations
- Other Factors That May Influence Endodontic Case Selection
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENDODONTIC TREATMENT PLAN
- Vital Case
- Nonvital Case
- Retreatment Cases
- Immature Teeth
- Endodontic and Periodontic Considerations
- Endodontic Surgery
- Single-Visit Versus Multivisit Treatment
5 Preparation for Treatment
- PREPARATION OF THE OPERATORY
- Infection Control
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
- PATIENT PREPARATION
- Treatment Planning
- Case Presentation
- Informed Consent
- Radiation Safety
- Principles of ALARA
- Premedication with Antibiotics
- Antianxiety Regimens
- Pain Control with Preoperative Administration of NSAIDs
- Pain Control with Local Anesthesia
- PREPARATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
- Functions, Requirements, and Limitations of the Radiograph in Endodontics
- Principles of Endodontic Radiography
- Radiographic Interpretation in Endodontics
- Orascopy and Endoscopy
- PREPARATION FOR ACCESS: TOOTH ISOLATION
- Principles and Rationale
- Armamentarium
- Methods of Rubber Dam Placement
- Aids in Rubber Dam Placement
- Problem Solving in Tooth Isolation
- SUMMARY
6 Armamentarium and Sterilization
- SELECTION OF THE ARMAMENTARIUM
- PREOPERATIVE STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
- TREATMENT
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE OFFICE
- FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
7 Tooth Morphology and Access Cavity Preparation
- COMPONENTS OF THE ROOT CANAL SYSTEM
- ROOT CANAL ANATOMY
- ANATOMY OF THE APICAL ROOT
- OBJECTIVES AND GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS CAVITY PREPRATION
- MECHANICAL PHASES OF ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION
- Armamentaria
- Access Cavity Preparations
- CHALLENGING ACCESS PREPARATIONS
- Teeth with Minimal or No Clinical Crown
- Heavily Restored Teeth
- Teeth with Calcified Canals
- Crowded Teeth
- Rotated Teeth
- ERRORS IN ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION
- MORPHOLOY AND ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL TEETH
- 8 Instruments, Materials, and Devices
- DIAGNOSTIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES
- Pulp Testing Materials
- Periapical Tissue Testing Materials
- MATERIALS FOR ENDODONTIC FIELD ISOLATION
- ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS
- Hand Instruments
- Instruments for Pulp Space Preparation
- Devices for Measuring Root Canal Length
- Instruments for Root Canal Obturation
- Devices for Removing Root Canal Obstructions
- MATERIALS FOR DISINFECTING THE PULP SPACE
- Irrigation Materials
- Intracanal Disinfection Materials
- ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS
- Solid Materials
- Sealers and Cements
- Standards and Properties
- DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS
- Rigid Systems
- Injection Techniques
- Rotary Techniques
- TEMPORARY CEMENTS
- RETROGRADE ENDODONTIC TREATMENT
- Root-End Preparation
- Root-End Filling Materials
- LASERS
- SUMMARY
9 Cleaning and Shaping of the Root Canal System
- FRAMEWORK FOR ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
- Pathophysiology of Endodontic Disease
- Dental Anatomy
- Clinical Objectives
- CLEANING AND SHAPING: TECHNICAL ISSUES
- Hand and Engine-Driven Instruments
- Motors and Devices
- Disinfectants, Dentin Surface Modifiers, and Lubricants
- CLEANING AND SHAPING: CLINICAL ISSUES
- Biologic Objectives
- Mechanical Objectives
- Concepts and Strategies
- CANAL PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
- Hand Instrumentation
- Rotary Instrumentation
- Other Systems
- CANAL CLEANING TECHNIQUES
- Disinfection
- Smear Layer Management
- SUMMARY
10 Obturation of the Cleaned and Shaped Root Canal System
- CORONAL SEAL
- HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES
- TIMING OF OBTURATION
- Vital Pulp Tissue
- Necrotic Pulp Tissue
- LENGTH OF OBTURATION
- PREPARATION FOR OBTURATION
- THE IDEAL ROOT CANAL FILLING
- TYPES OF SEALERS
- Zinc Oxide and Eugenol
- Glass Ionomer Sealers
- Resin
- Medicated Sealers
- SEALER PLACEMENT
- CORE MATERIALS
- Silver Cones
- Gutta-Percha
- Resilon
- Custom Cones
- METHODS OF OBTURATION
- Lateral Compaction
- Warm Vertical Compaction
- Continuous Wave Compaction Technique
- Warm Lateral Compaction
- Thermoplastic Injection Techniques
- Carrier-Based Gutta-Percha
- Thermomechanical Compaction
- Solvent Techniques
- Pastes
- Immediate Obturation
- CORONAL SEAL
11 Endodontic Records and Legal Responsibilities
- ENDODONTIC RECORD EXCELLENCE
- Importance
- Patient Information Form
- Medical Health History
- Dental History
- Diagnostic and Progress Records
- Electronic Records
- Radiographs
- Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Tests
- Treatment Plan
- Informed Consent Form
- Treatment Record: Endodontic Chart
- Herbal Medications
- MedWatch
- Endodontics and Heart Disease
- Abbreviations
- Computerized Treatment Records
- Record Size
- Identity of Entry Author
- Patient Record Request
- Patient Education Pamphlets
- Postoperative Instructions
- Recording Referrals
- Record Correction
- Spoliation
- False Claims
- LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
- Malpractice Prophylaxis: Importance of Records
- Standard of Care
- Dental Negligence Defined
- Locality Rule
- Standards of Care: Generalist versus Endodontist
- Ordinary Care Equals Prudent Care
- Customary Practice versus Negligence
- Continuing Education
- Scientific Research Evaluation
- Evidence-Based Endodontics
- New Products
- FDA Approval
- Postmarketing Drug Surveillance
- Negligence Per Se
- Ability to Foresee Unreasonable Risk
- Informed Consent Principles
- Alternative Technique Choices
- Ethics
- Referrals to Other Specialists
- Surgical versus Nonsurgical Endodontics
- Microscopic Endodontics
- New Products
- Separated Instruments
- Equipment and Supplies
- Drugs
- Clinician's Liability for Staff's Acts or Omissions
- Abandonment
- Expert Testimony
- National Practitioner Data Bank
- Professional Negligence Incidence
- Managed Care and the Employment Retirement Income Security Act
- MALPRACTICE INCIDENTS
- Screw Posts
- Paresthesia
- Treatment Failure
- Slips of the Drill
- Leakage
- Electrosurgery
- Apical Surgery
- Reasonable Versus Unreasonable Errors in Judgment
- PROPHYLACTIC ENDODONTIC PRACTICE
- Malpractice Prophylaxis
- Disclosure Errors
- Periodontal Examination
- Temporomandibular Disorders
- Preoperative and Postoperative Radiographs
- Digital Radiography
- Dental Fear
- Patient Rapport
- Fees
- Incidence of Negligence
- Alcohol
- Post Perforation
- Perforation Prevention
- Cores
- Absorbable Hemostatic Agents
- Pneumomediastinum
- Broken Needle
- Sterilization
- Posttrauma Therapy
- Continuing Education
- Millennium Management of Endodontic Advances
- Statistical Research
- Other Clinicians' Substandard Treatment
- Peer Review
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Endodontics
- Infective Endocarditis
- CONCLUSION
Part II The Advanced Science of Endodontics
12 Structure and Functions of the Dentin-Pulp Complex
- DEVELOPMENT
- Stages of Development
- Differentiation of Odontoblasts
- Root Development
- Epithelial Rests of Malassez
- Accessory Canals
- DENTIN
- Types
- Predentin
- Mineralization
- Dentinal Tubules
- Peritubular Dentin
- Intertubular Dentin
- Dentinal Sclerosis
- Interglobular Dentin
- Dentinal Fluid
- Dentin Permeability
- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROOT DENTIN
- MORPHOLOGIC ZONES OF THE PULP
- Odontoblast Layer
- Cell-Poor Zone
- Cell-Rich Zone
- Pulp Proper
- CELLS OF THE PULP
- Odontoblast
- Odontoblast Process
- Relationship of Odontoblast Structure to Function
- Pulp Fibroblast
- Macrophage
- Dendritic Cell
- Lymphocyte
- Mast Cell
- METABOLISM
- GROUND SUBSTANCE
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS OF THE PULP
- INNERVATION
- Pulp Testing
- Sensitivity of Dentin
- Neuropeptides
- Plasticity of Intradental Nerve Fibers
- Hyperalgesia
- Painful Pulpitis
- VASCULAR SUPPLY
- Regulation of Pulpal Blood Flow
- Lymphatics
- REPAIR
- PULPAL CALCIFICATIONS
- AGE CHANGES
13 Pulpal Reactions to Caries and Dental Procedures
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO CARIES
- CORRELATION BETWEEN CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND ACTUAL PULPAL INFLAMMATION
- DENTIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO LOCAL ANESTHETICS
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES
- Preoperative Degree of Inflammation of the Pulp
- Amount of Physical Irritation from the Procedure
- Proximity of Restorative Procedures to the Dental Pulp and the Surface Area of Dentin Exposed
- Permeability of Dentin and the Odontoblastic Layer Between the Area Being Restored and the Pulp
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO LASER PROCEDURES
- Purposes for the Application of Lasers
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO CAVITY PREPARATION USING AIR-ABRASION TECHNIQUES
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO VITAL BLEACHING TECHNIQUES
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO PERIODONTAL PROCEDURES
- MECHANICAL IRRITANTS: ORTHODONTIC MOVEMENT
- BIOMECHANICAL IRRITANTS: PARAFUNCTIONAL HABITS
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
- PULPAL REACTIONS TO IMPLANT PLACEMENT AND FUNCTION
14 Pathobiology of Primary Apical Periodontitis
- NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
- MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY
- Chain of Evidence
- Portals of Root Canal Infection
- Composition of Endodontic Microflora
- Impact of Molecular Techniques on Endodontic Flora
- Ecomorphology of Endodontic Flora
- Pathogenicity of Root Canal Microbes
- HOST DEFENSE
- Cells
- Molecular Mediators
- Antibodies
- PATHOGENESIS AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
- Initial Apical Periodontitis
- Chronic Apical Periodontitis
- Cystic Apical Periodontitis
- SUMMARY
15 Endodontic Microbiology and Treatment of Infections
- ASSOCIATION OF MICROBES WITH PULPAL AND PERIRADICULAR DISEASES
- Pathways of Pulpal Infection
- Polymicrobial Endodontic Infections
- DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PUTATIVE PATHOGENS
- DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PUTATIVE PATHOGENS
- Microbial Cultivation and Molecular Diagnosis of Microbes
- DNA-DNA Hybridization Methodology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction Method
- Molecular Methods to Detect Putative Pathogens
- Geographic Influence on Endodontic Microorganisms
- Failed Endodontic Treatment
- Diversity of Endodontic Microorganisms
- BACTERIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS
- EXTRARADICULAR ENDODONTIC INFECTIONS
- FASCIAL SPACE INFECTIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF ABSCESSES AND CELLULITIS
- ANTIBIOTICS FOR ENDODONTIC INFECTIONS
- PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS FOR MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS
- MICROBIAL SAMPLES FOR LABORATORY SUPPORT
- THEORY OF FOCAL INFECTION-DÉJÀ VU?
- ASSOCIATION OF ORAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE
- SUMMARY
Part III Related Clinical Topics
16 The Role of Endodontics After Dental Traumatic Injuries
- UNIQUE ASPECTS OF DENTAL TRAUMA
- Crown Fractures
- Crown-Root Fractures
- Root Fractures
- Luxation Injuries
- FOLLOW-UP
- RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATIONS
- CROWN FRACTURES
- Complicated Crown Fracture
- Biologic Consequences
- Treatment
- Stage of Development of the Tooth
- Time Between the Accident and Treatment
- Concomitant Attachment Damage
- Restorative Treatment Plan
- Vital Pulp Therapy: Requirements for Success
- Treatment Methods
- Treatment of the Nonvital Pulp
- CROWN-ROOT FRACTURE
- ROOT FRACTURE
- Definition
- Incidence
- Biologic Consequences
- Diagnosis and Clinical Presentation
- Treatment
- Healing Patterns
- Treatment of Complications
- LUXATION INJURIES
- Definitions
- Incidence
- Biologic Consequences
- CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE AVULSED TOOTH
- Consequences of Tooth Avulsion
- Treatment Objectives
- Clinical Management
- Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
- PREPARATION OF THE ROOT
- Extraoral Dry Time Less Than 60 Minutes
- Extraoral Dry Time More Than 60 Minutes
- PREPARATION OF THE SOCKET
- SPLINTING
- MANAGEMENT OF THE SOFT TISSUES
- ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
- ENDODONTIC TREATMENT
- Extraoral Time Less Than 60 Minutes
- Extraoral Time More Than 60 Minutes
- TEMPORARY RESTORATION
- PERMANENT RESTORATION
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17 Endodontic and Periodontal Interrelationships
- INTERCOMMUNICATION BETWEEN PULPAL AND PERIODONTAL TISSUE
- INFLUENCE OF PULPAL PATHOLOGIC CONDITION ON THE PERIODONTIUM
- INFLUENCE OF PERIODONTAL INFLAMMATION ON THE PULP
- THEORETIC PATHWAYS OF OSSEOUS LESION FORMATION
- Primary Endodontic Lesions
- Primary Endodontic Lesions with Secondary Periodontal Involvement
- Primary Periodontal Lesions
- Primary Periodontal Lesions with Secondary Endodontic Involvement
- True Combined Lesions
- Concomitant Pulpal and Periodontal Lesions
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Lateral Periodontal Cysts
- TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
- Forced Eruption or Extrusion
- SUMMARY
18 Analgesics in Endodontics
- TRIGEMINAL PAIN SYSTEM
- Detection: Peripheral Nociceptors
- Processing: Spinal Cord to Thalamus
- Perception: Thalamus to Cortex
- PREDICTORS OF POSTOPERATIVE ENDODONTIC PAIN
- NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS
- Limitations and Drug Interactions
- OPIOID ANALGESICS
- CORTICOSTEROIDS
- Intracanal Administration
- Systemic Administration
- ANTIBIOTICS
- PAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- Pretreatment
- Long-Acting Local Anesthetics
- Flexible Prescription Plan
- SUMMARY
19 Local Anesthesia in Endodontics
- MECHANISMS OF ACTION FOR ANESTHETICS
- CLINICALLY AVAILABLE LOCAL ANESTHETICS
- SELECTION OF A LOCAL ANESTHETIC: POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS, MEDICAL HISTORY, PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY
- EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES OR CONDITIONS ON LOCAL ANESTHETICS
- CLINICAL ANESTHESIA AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
- IMPORTANT CLINICAL FACTORS IN LOCAL ANESTHESIA
- Traditional Methods of Confirming Anesthesia
- Determining Pulpal Anesthesia in Painless Vital Teeth
- Determining Pulpal Anesthesia In Painful Vital Teeth
- Patient Who Has Had Previous Difficulty with Anesthesia
- Failure to Achieve Anesthesia in Patients with Pain
- Use of Topical Anesthetics
- MANDIBULAR ANESTHESIA WITH 2% LIDOCAINE AND 1 : 100,000 EPINEPHRINE
- Anesthetic Success
- Anesthetic Failure
- Noncontinuous Anesthesia
- Slow Onset
- Duration
- ALTERNATE ANESTHETIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
- Plain Solutions: 3% Mepivacaine
- 4% Prilocaine with 1 : 200,000 Epinephrine
- Articaine with 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine
- Long-Acting Anesthetics
- ALTERNATIVE INJECTION SITES
- Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi Techniques
- Incisive Nerve Block at the Mental Foramen
- Infiltration Injections
- ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE SUCCESS OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
- Increasing the Volume of Anesthetic
- Increasing the Epinephrine Concentration
- Addition of Hyaluronidase
- Carbonated Anesthetic Solutions
- FACTORS IN FAILURE OF THE INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
- Accessory Innervation
- Accuracy of Injection
- Needle Deflection
- Cross Innervation
- A Theory on Why Failure Occurs with the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Asymptomatic Patients
- ENHANCEMENT OF MANDIBULAR ANESTHESIA IN ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS
- Supplemental Intraligamentary Injection
- Supplemental Intraosseous Injection
- Use of Mannitol
- MAXILLARY ANESTHESIA WITH 2% LIDOCAINE AND 1 : 100,000 EPINEPHRINE
- Success Rate
- Onset of Anesthesia
- Duration of Anesthesia
- Time Course of Pulpal Anesthesia for the Maxillary First Molar
- Significance of Lip Numbness
- ALTERNATIVE ANESTHETIC SOLUTIONS FOR INFILTRATION INJECTION
- Plain Solutions: 3% Mepivacaine
- 4% Prilocaine with 1: 200,000 Epinephrine
- Articaine with 1 : 100,000 Epinephrine
- 0.5% Bupivacaine with 1: 200,000 Epinephrine
- EXTENDING THE DURATION OF MAXILLARY INFILTRATIONS
- Increasing the Solution Volume
- ALTERNATIVE MAXILLARY INJECTION TECHNIQUES
- Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Infraorbital Nerve Block
- Second Division Nerve Block
- Palatal-Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
- Anterior Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
- SUPPLEMENTAL ANESTHESIA
- Intraligamentary Anesthesia
- Intraosseous Anesthesia
- Intrapulpal Injection
- MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC ENDODONTIC SITUATIONS
- Irreversible Pulpitis
- Incision and Drainage
- Pain Reduction in Irreversible Pulpitis When Endodontic Treatment Is Impossible
- SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
20 Periradicular Surgery
- INDICATIONS FOR PERIRADICULAR SURGERY
- Etiology of Persistent Periradicular Disease
- Rationale for Surgical Treatment
- Clinical Decision Making
- GENERAL BIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES OF WOUND HEALING
- SOFT-TISSUE WOUND HEALING
- Inflammatory Phase
- Proliferative Phase
- Maturation Phase
- HARD-TISSUE HEALING: EXCISIONAL DENTOALVEOLAR WOUND
- Osteoblasts: Osteogenesis
- Cementoblasts: Cementogenesis
- SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS AND WOUND HEALING
- Bisphosphonates
- Glucocorticoids
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF MEDICALLY COMPLEX PATIENTS
- ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- Posterior Mandible
- Posterior Maxilla
- Anterior Maxilla and Mandible
- PATIENT PREPARATION FOR SURGERY
- Informed Consent Issues Specific to Surgery
- Premedication: NSAIDs, Antibiotics, Chlorhexidine, and Conscious Sedation
- INSTRUMENTS AND OPERATORY SETUP
- LOCAL ANESTHESIA FOR SURGERY
- SURGICAL ACCESS
- Soft-Tissue Access
- Vertical Incision
- Horizontal Incision
- Flap Design
- Tissue Reflection
- Tissue Retraction
- Hard-Tissue Access
- PERIRADICULAR CURETTAGE AND BIOPSY
- LOCALIZED HEMOSTASIS
- Preoperative Considerations
- Local Hemostatic Agents
- Cautery/Electrosurgery
- MANAGEMENT OF THE ROOT END
- Determination of the Need for Root-End Resection and Filling
- Root-End Resection
- Angle of Resection
- Root-End Surface Preparation
- Resected Root-End Surface Topography
- Root-End Conditioning
- ROOT-END CAVITY PREPARATION
- Ultrasonic Root-End Preparation and Apical Fractures
- Significance of Ultrasonic Tip Design
- Temperature Changes Induced by Ultrasonic Instruments
- Bonded Root-End Fillings
- ROOT-END FILLING MATERIALS
- Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cements
- Glass Ionomer Cements
- Diaket
- Composite Resins and Resin-Ionomer Hybrids
- Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
- Overview of Root-End Filling Materials
- CLOSURE OF THE SURGICAL SITE AND SELECTION OF SUTURE MATERIAL
- Closure of the Surgical Site
- Selection of the Suture Material
- GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION AND ENDODONTIC SURGERY
- INTENTIONAL REPLANTATION
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- MANAGEMENT OF SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
21 Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth
- DIFFERENCES IN ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
- Destruction of Tooth Structure
- Esthetic Change in Tooth Structure
- RESTORATIVE TREATMENT PLANNING FOR ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
- Amount of Remaining Tooth Structure
- Tooth Position and Occlusal Forces
- Restorative Requirements
- Esthetic Requirements
- BASIC COMPONENTS
- Coronal Tooth Structure: Importance of the Ferrule
- Foundation Restoration: Post and Core
- Post
- Core
- Coronal Coverage
- Restorative Procedures and Endodontic Success
- Restoration of the Periodontally Compromised Nonvital Tooth
- FOUNDATION RESTORATION: FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
- Post Space Preparation
- Preformed Post and Core Fabrication
- Cast Post and Core Fabrication
- Root Reinforcing Post
- Core Fabrication
- Coronal-Radicular Restoration
- RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY AND THE VITAL TOOTH
- Risk of Postrestorative Endodontic Complications
- Indications for Prerestorative Endodontic Therapy
- Pretreatment Evaluation
- SUMMARY
22 Pediatric Endodontics: Endodontic Treatment for the Primary and Young Permanent Dentition
- THE PULP-DENTIN COMPLEX IN PRIMARY TEETH
- Histology
- Dentinogenesis in Healthy State
- Dentinogenic Response to Injury
- Reactions to Dental Caries
- Reactions to Operative Procedures
- DIFFERENCES IN PRIMARY AND PERMANENT TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
- Root Formation
- Primary Root Canal Anatomy
- Primary Anterior Teeth
- Primary Molars
- CLINICAL PULPAL DIAGNOSIS
- History and Characteristics of Pain
- Clinical Examination
- Percussion and Mobility
- Pulp Tests
- Pulpal Exposures and Hemorrhage
- RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
- OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS
- VITAL PULPAL THERAPY
- Pulp Protection
- Indirect Pulp Therapy
- Indirect Pulp Therapy Technique
- DIRECT PULP CAPPING AND PULPOTOMY
- Traditional Pulp-Capping Agents
- Direct Bonding of Pulp Exposures
- Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
- Direct Pulp Capping in Primary Teeth
- Pulpotomy in Primary Teeth
- Formocresol Pulpotomy
- Glutaraldehyde Pulpotomy
- Ferric Sulfate Pulpotomy
- Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Pulpotomies
- Electrosurgical Pulpotomy
- Lasers
- NONVITAL PULP THERAPY ON PRIMARY TEETH
- Pulpectomy in Primary Teeth
- Access Openings for Pulpectomy
- Root-Filling Materials for the Primary Root Canals
- Follow-Up After Primary Pulpectomy
- PULPAL THERAPY FOR THE YOUNG PERMANENT DENTITION
- Pulpotomy
- The Cvek Pulpotomy on Young, Immature Permanent Teeth
- Apexogenesis
- PARTIAL PULPOTOMY FOR YOUNG PERMANENT POSTERIOR TEETH
- Partial Pulpotomy in Symptomatic Young Permanent Teeth
- Follow-Up After Pulp Capping and Pulpotomy
- Formocresol Pulpotomy on Young Permanent Teeth
- APEXIFICATION
- Apical Barrier Techniques
- Restoration After Apexification
23 Geriatric Endodontics
- AN AGING SOCIETY
- MEDICAL HISTORY
- Chief Complaint
- DENTAL HISTORY
- Subjective Symptoms
- Objective Signs
- DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLAN
- Consultation and Consent
- TREATMENT
- Isolation
- Access
- Preparation
- Obturation
- Success and Failure
- ENDODONTIC SURGERY
- RESTORATION
24 Endodontic Failures: The Pathobiology of Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis
- WHAT IS POSTTREATMENT APICAL PERIODONTITIS?
- MICROBIAL CAUSES
- Intraradicular Infection
- Actinomycosis
- Other Extraradicular Bacteria
- Extraradicular Viruses: Cause or Effect?
- NONMICROBIAL CAUSES
- Cystic Apical Periodontitis
- Cholesterol Crystals
- Foreign Bodies
- Scar Tissue Healing
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
25 Nonsurgical Retreatment
- ETIOLOGY OF PERSISTENT APICAL PERIODONTITIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF POSTTREATMENT DISEASE
- TREATMENT PLANNING
- NONSURGICAL ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT
- Coronal Access Cavity Preparation
- Post Removal
- Regaining Access to the Apical Area
- Removal of Separated Instruments
- Management of Canal Impediments
- Finishing the Retreatment
- REPAIR OF PERFORATIONS
- PROGNOSIS OF RETREATMENT
- SUMMARY
26 Digital Technology in Endodontic Practice
- COMPREHENSIVE TECHNOLOGIC PLAN
- Strategic Plan
- Operational Plan
- Measuring Success
- TRACKING BITS AND BYTES THROUGH THE PATIENT LOOP
- Central Information Store
- Reception Area
- Front Desk
- Operatory
- Sterilization Area
- Administrative Area
- Practitioner's Office
- COMPUTER INDUSTRY STANDARDS
- Graphics and Imaging
- Open Database Connectivity
- Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
- Systematized Nomenclature of Dentistry
- INTERNET
- IMPORTANT SOFTWARE FEATURES
- Financial Security
- Referral Tracking
- Preregistration
- REFERENCE
- Infrastructure and Connectivity
- Power, Cabling, and Wireless
- Central Processing Unit
- Monitors
- Printers
- Document Scanners
- Input Devices
- Consulting and Support
- Pharmacology Reference Software
- Patient Education Software
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
27 The Law and Dental Technology: Focus on Endodontics
- SCOPE OF DENTAL TECHNOLOGY
- Patient Communications and Marketing
- Dental Continuing Education
- SCOPE OF THE ISSUES
- Barriers to Adoption of Dental Technology
- LEGAL EXPOSURE
- Traditional Avenues of Exposure
- New Avenues of Exposure
- LAW OF COMPUTER RECORDS
- Protection Against Alteration
- IMAGING
- INSURANCE SUBMISSIONS
- Office Technology Policies
- E-Mail and Internet Access
- Communications
- THE FUTURE
- SUMMARY
28 Understanding and Managing the Fearful Dental Patient
ANXIETY AND FEAR
MECHANISMS
INTER- AND INTRAVARIABILITY IN RESPONSES
Variability in Stress Response
Variability in Pain Response
MANAGEMENT OF PAIN AND ANXIETY
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