The Editorial Board of the Journal of Endodontics has developed a literature-based study guide of topical areas related to endodontics. This study guide is intended to give the reader a focused review of the essential endodontic literature and does not cite all possible articles related to each topic. Although citing all articles would be comprehensive, it would defeat the idea of a study guide. This section presents uses of calcium hydroxide related to apexogenesis, apexification, direct pulp cap, indirect pulp cap, internal resorption that has perforated laterally, intracanal medication, control of periapical exudates, aid in canal debridement, apical control to control obturation, external inflammatory root resorption, repair of perforations, treatment of horizontal root fractures, root canal sealers, and vertical root fractures.

Apexogenesis

1. A.A. Krakow, H. Berk and P. Gron, Therapeutic induction of root formation in the exposed incompletely formed tooth with vital pulp, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 43 (1977), pp. 755–765. Abstract | Article | PDF (5559 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (4)
2. M. Cvek, A clinical report on partial pulpotomy and capping with calcium hydroxide in permanent incisors with complicated crown fractures, J Endod 4 (1978), pp. 232–237. Abstract | PDF (3154 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (72)

Apexification

1. A.L. Frank, Therapy for the divergent pulpless tooth by continued apical formation, J Am Dent Assoc 72 (1966), pp. 87–93. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (69)
2. G.S. Heithersay, Stimulation of root formation in incompletely developed pulpless teeth, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 29 (1970), pp. 620–630. Abstract | Article | PDF (6223 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (22)
3. T. Walia, H.S. Chawla and K. Gauba, Management of wide open apices in non-vital permanent teeth with Ca(OH)2 paste, J Clin Pediatr Dent 25 (2000), pp. 51–56. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7)

Direct Pulp Capping

1. K.C. Lim and E.E.J. Kirk, Direct pulp capping: a review, Endod Dent Traumatol 3 (1987), pp. 213–219. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (14)
2. E.J. Swift, M. Trope and A.V. Ritter, Vital pulp therapy for the mature tooth: can it work?, Endod Topics 5 (2003), pp. 49–56. Full Text via CrossRef

Indirect Pulp Capping

1. J.B. King, J.J. Crawford and R.L. Lindahl, Indirect pulp capping: a bacteriologic study of deep carious dentine in human teeth, Oral Surg 20 (1965), pp. 663–671. Abstract | Article | PDF (632 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27)
2. E. Eidelman, S.B. Finn and T. Koullourides, Remineralization of carious dentin treated with calcium hydroxide, J Dent Child 87 (1966), pp. 218–225.

Internal Resorption That Has Perforated Laterally

1. A.L. Frank and F.S. Weine, Nonsurgical therapy for the perforative defect of internal resorption, J Am Dent Assoc 87 (1973), pp. 863–868. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (14)

Intracanal Medication

1. A. Bystrom, R. Claesson and G. Sundqvist, The antibacterial effect of camphorated paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals, Endod Dent Traumatol 1 (1985), pp. 170–175. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (252)
2. U. Sjogren, L. Figdor, L. Spangberg and G. Sundqvist, The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing, Int Endod J 24 (1991), pp. 119–125. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (190)
3. J.F. Siqueira and H.P. Lopes, Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review, Int Endod J 32 (1999), pp. 361–369. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (74)

Control of Periapical Exudate

1. G.S. Heithersay, Calcium hydroxide in the treatment of pulpless teeth with associated pathology, J Brit Endo Soc 8 (1975), pp. 74–93. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)

Aid in Canal Debridement

1. G. Hasselgren, B. Olsson and M. Cvek, Effects of calcium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite on the dissolution of necrotic porcine muscle tissue, J Endod 14 (1988), pp. 125–127. Abstract | PDF (499 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (60)
2. R.S. Metzler and S. Montgomery, The effectiveness of ultrasonics and calcium hydroxide for the debridement of human mandibular molars, J Endod 15 (1989), pp. 373–378. Abstract | PDF (2410 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (19)

Apical Plug to Control Obturation

1. D.L. Pitts, J.E. Jones and R.J. Oswald, A histological comparison of calcium hydroxide plugs and dentin plugs used for the control of gutta-percha root canal filling material, J Endod 10 (1984), pp. 283–293. Abstract | PDF (3457 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (12)
2. J.A. Weisenseel, M.L. Hicks and G.B. Pelleu, Calcium hydroxide as an apical barrier, J Endod 13 (1987), pp. 1–5. Abstract | PDF (930 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (14)

External Inflammatory Root Resorption

1. L. Tronstad, J.O. Andreasen, G. Hasselgren, L. Kristerson and I. Riis, pH changes in dental tissues after root canal filling with calcium hydroxide, J Endod 7 (1981), pp. 17–21. Abstract | PDF (492 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (130)
2. D.R. Gimlin and W.G. Schindler, The management of postbleaching cervical resorption, J Endod 16 (1990), pp. 292–297. Abstract | PDF (1425 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)
3. K.H. Foster, J.C. Kulild and R.N. Weller, Effect of smear layer removal on the diffusion of calcium hydroxide through radicular dentin, J Endod 19 (1993), pp. 136–140. Abstract | PDF (2181 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (26)
4. M. Cvek, Prognosis of luxated non-vital maxillary incisors treated with calcium hydroxide and filled with gutta-percha, Endod Dent Traumatol 8 (1992), pp. 45–55. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (95)
5. M. Trope, C. Yesilsoy, L. Koren, J. Moshonov and S. Friedman, Effect of different endodontic treatment protocols on periodontal repair and root resorption of replanted dog teeth, J Endod 18 (1992), pp. 492–496. Abstract | PDF (2175 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (32)
6. A. Nerwich, D. Figdor and H.H. Messer, pH changes in root dentin over a 4-week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide, J Endod 19 (1993), pp. 302–306. Abstract | PDF (666 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (78)
7. M. Trope, J. Moshonov, R. Nissan, P. Buxt and C. Yesilsoy, Short vs. long term calcium hydroxide treatment of established inflammatory root resorption in replanted dog teeth, Endod Dent Traumatol 11 (1995), pp. 124–128. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (31)

Repair of Perforations

1. G.S. Heithersay, Calcium hydroxide in the treatment of pulpless teeth with associated pathology, J Brit Endo Soc 8 (1975), pp. 74–93. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (52)
2. M.E. ElDeeb, M. ElDeeb, A. Tabibi and J.R. Jensen, An evaluation of the use of amalgam, Cavit, and calcium hydroxide in the repair of furcation perforations, J Endod 8 (1982), pp. 459–466. Abstract | PDF (919 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (28)

Treatment of Horizontal Root Fractures

1. M. Cvek, Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide: IV—periodontal healing and closure of the root canal in the coronal fragment of teeth with intra-alveolar fractures and vital apical fragment: a follow-up, Odont Revy 25 (1974), pp. 239–246. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (2)

Root Canal Sealers

1. E.J. Hovland and T.C. Dumsha, Leakage evaluation in vitro of the root canal sealer cement Sealapex, Int Endod J 18 (1985), pp. 179–182. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (38)
2. O. Zmener, Evaluation of the apical seal obtained with two calcium hydroxide based endodontic sealers, Int Endod J 20 (1987), pp. 87–90. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (10)

Vertical Root Fractures

1. R.G. Luebke, Vertical crown-root fractures in posterior teeth, Dent Clin North Am 28 (1984), pp. 883–894. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (9)